11. The fires that cannot be put out by water include: ① alkali metal cannot be put out by water. Because water can decompose with alkali metals (such as metal potassium and sodium) to generate hydrogen and release a lot of heat, it is easy to cause explosion. ② Carbonated alkali metals and hydrogenated alkali metals cannot be put out with water. For example, potassium carbide, sodium carbide, aluminum carbide, calcium carbide, potassium hydride and magnesium chloride can react with water and emit a lot of heat, which may cause fire and explosion. ③ Flammable liquids lighter than water and insoluble in water shall not be put out with water in principle. ④ The molten iron and steel cannot be put out with water. Since the temperature of molten iron and steel is about 1600 ℃, and the water vapor can decompose into hydrogen and oxygen when the temperature is above 1000 ℃, there is an explosion risk. ⑤ Tri acid (sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid) can not be put out with strong water flow. If necessary, it can be put out with spray water flow. ⑥ High voltage electrical device fires cannot be put out with water without good grounding equipment or current cutoff.
12. Use method of carbon dioxide extinguisher: first pull out the safety hydrant, then press down the handle (or turn the valve), and aim the nozzle at the flame root to extinguish the fire.
Precautions for carbon dioxide extinguisher: wear gloves when using to avoid skin contact with the spray barrel and spray hose and prevent frostbite. When using carbon dioxide extinguisher to put out electrical fire, if the voltage exceeds 600V, power off the fire before putting out the fire.
13. The use method of dry powder extinguisher: the same as that of carbon dioxide extinguisher, but it should be noted that: before using the dry powder extinguisher, the extinguisher should be turned upside down several times to loosen the dry powder in the cylinder. When using ABC dry powder extinguisher to put out solid fire, the fire nozzle shall be aimed at the place where the fire is most violent, and the fire shall be sprayed from left to right, and the dry powder extinguishing agent shall be evenly sprayed on the surface of the combustor as far as possible until the fire is completely put out. Since the cooling effect of dry powder is very small, it must be prevented from re burning after fire fighting.
14. Fire fighting methods after household appliances catch fire:
① Shut down the machine immediately, unplug the power plug or pull off the main switch. If only the electric spark is found smoking, the fire will extinguish itself after the power is cut off. ② If combustible materials such as wire insulation and electrical enclosure catch fire, they can be closed and smothered with wet quilt and other covers. ③ Do not use water to put out the fire, in order to prevent the TV picture tube from exploding and injuring people. ④ Do not switch on the power supply for use without repair to avoid electric shock and fire accidents.
15. Rescue method for computer fire: If the computer catches fire, even if the machine is turned off, or even unplugged, the components in the machine are still very hot, and will still burst out of flames and produce toxic gas, and the fluorescent screen and picture tube may also explode. The response is: when the computer starts to smoke or catch fire, immediately unplug the plug or turn off the main switch, and then cover the computer with a wet carpet or quilt, which can prevent the spread of fireworks, It can also block the glass fragments of the fluorescent screen. Do not splash water on a fire computer, even if the computer is turned off, because a sudden drop in temperature will burst the hot picture tube. In addition, there is still residual current in the computer, which may cause electric shock. Do not lift up the cover to watch. When putting out a fire, you can only approach the computer from the side or the back to prevent people from being injured by the explosion of the picture tube.
16. To prevent fire at home, you must:
⑴ Do not pull and connect the power cord without permission. ⑵ Do not throw cigarette butts. (3) Don't smoke in bed. (4) Do not light candles in mosquito nets to read. (5) Effective fire prevention measures shall be taken when burning mosquito repellent incense instead of burning sundries. (6) Do not store flammable and explosive materials. (7) Do not use fast heating, electric stove, air conditioner and other high-power appliances, and do not use electric blankets, low-quality appliances and other appliances that may cause fire. (8) Do not use alcohol stove and liquefier stove to light fire for cooking. (9) Power off for important people. If you smell the sticky smell of wire rubber, you should report it in time and take measures. (10) The desk lamp shall not be close to the pillow and bedding.
17. In case of fire, doors and windows cannot be opened at will: because the air is not smooth and the indoor oxygen supply is insufficient when the doors and windows are closed, the fire develops slowly. Once the doors and windows are opened, fresh air pours in and the fire develops rapidly; At the same time, a large amount of smoke pours in, which may lead to poisoning and suffocation. In addition, due to the convection of air, the flame will run out, so when a fire occurs, you cannot open the doors and windows at will.
18. Fire escape methods: Generally speaking, the fire escape methods mainly include: ① using the climbing fire truck, and using two ladders to escape; ② Escape through building passageways or facilities in buildings; ③ Escape with self-made equipment; ④ Seek refuge to escape; ⑤ Mutual rescue and escape; ⑥ Use the fire-fighting equipment or other equipment nearby to extinguish the fire and escape.
19. The correct way to extinguish a fire on your body: once you are on fire, you should first take off your clothes and put out the fire; Or roll over on the spot and suffocate the fire. But don't roll too fast, let alone run. If there are pools, ponds and other water sources nearby, you can jump into the water quickly or take water nearby to extinguish the fire. However, when the body is burned, be careful not to jump into the sewage to prevent infection.
20. In case of fire, it is not allowed to evacuate by ordinary elevator: the reason why it is not easy to evacuate by ordinary elevator on the fire site: first, after a fire, it is easy to cut off the power and cause the elevator to "jam", which makes rescue work difficult and affects timely evacuation. Second, the elevator runs directly to each floor of the building, and the smoke on the fire scene flows into the elevator passage, which is very easy to cause the "chimney effect". People in the elevator will be choked by thick smoke and toxic gas at any time and suffocate to death.
21. Self rescue methods for fire escape: a. After a fire, do not delay precious escape for dressing and looking for money. Evacuate from the emergency exit, emergency exit and fire stairs as soon as possible. Do not run blindly or use the elevator to escape;
b. When leaving the fire site, do not walk upright when encountering thick smoke. Try to walk in a low position or crawl forward. Cover your mouth and nose with a wet towel to avoid being suffocated by the smoke;
c. When the stairs have caught fire, but have not been burnt out and the fire is not very fierce, you can quickly rush down from upstairs by wearing clothes or sheets soaked with water. When the stairs have been burnt out and the fire is quite fierce, you can use a rope or tear the sheets into strips to connect them, tie one end to the solid doors and windows or other heavy objects, and then slide down along the rope or cloth strip (residents above the third floor should be careful)
d. When all kinds of escape routes are cut off, they should return to the living room, take smoke and fire prevention measures, close the doors and windows, water the doors and windows, cover their mouths and noses with wet towels, and take personal protection. At the same time, they should wave bright things outdoors (you can use flashlights at night) to send a distress signal;
e. Once the clothes are burned during escape, the person on fire can fall down and roll on the spot to extinguish the flame, or other people can help extinguish the flame. Remember not to run.
22. Escape method in case of theater fire: choose corresponding escape method according to different fire parts:
① When the stage is on fire, try to get close to one end of the projection hall and grasp the opportunity to escape. ② When the auditorium is on fire, you can use the exits of the stage, the projection hall and the auditorium to escape. ③ In case of fire in the screening hall, each exit of the stage and auditorium can be used to escape. ④ Wherever there is a fire, the audience upstairs can evacuate from the evacuation door through the stairs.
In addition, local materials can also be used, such as curtains, self-made life-saving equipment, and evacuation channels can be opened.
23. Escape method in case of fire in dance hall and karaoke hall:
① Keep calm and identify the direction of the emergency exit. ② The camera can escape by many ways: for example, the dance hall is located at the bottom floor of the floor, and you can jump out of the window directly; If it is set on the second or third floor, you can grasp the windowsill to slide down and let your feet land first; If the dance hall is located in a high-rise building or underground building, the fire escape method of high-rise building or underground building shall be referred to for escape. ③ If the escape passage of the dance hall is blocked by fire and smoke, and no auxiliary life-saving facilities can be found for a while, the trapped people have to temporarily escape to the area with weak fire, send a signal for help out of the window, and wait for the rescue of the firefighters. ④ Pay attention to prevent poisoning during escape. If you use water to wet your clothes and cover your mouth and nostrils, if you can't find water for a while, you can use drinks instead; During the escape operation, low posture walking or crawling shall be adopted to reduce the harm of smoke to human body.
24. Escape method in case of bus fire: when the engine is on fire, get off the bus after the driver opens the door. If the fire is in the middle of the car, passengers can get off the car orderly from both doors after the driver opens the door. If the fire is small but the door is sealed, passengers can cover their heads with clothes and rush down from the door. If the door line is damaged by fire and cannot be opened, the passenger should break the nearest window and turn over. Due to the ever-changing situation of the fire scene, the escape should also be based on the actual situation.